Source or sink?

In the ecological community, one way to think of sources is as habitats or sites which provide adequate resources and conditions such that selected organisms can prosper, reproduce, and add to the population.           

            On the other hand, sinks can be thought of as areas that attract organisms away from real source areas, but that do not provide adequate resources or proper conditions for the short-term and long-term benefit of a given population.

            As a wildlife biologist and as a wetland scientist, I have long held a dim view of poor land management practices that can and do create sink conditions.  In my mind, man-created mud holes and logging ruts may be the poster children of that which is undesirable (e.g., by acting as sinks for things such as tadpoles and fairy shrimp).

Dragonfly egg cluster on auto hood just to the left of the cap.

Close-up view of apparent dragonfly egg mass on auto hood.

I was caught off guard, however, when a dragonfly apparently laid some egg clusters on my automobile hood while I was stopped at a traffic light.  Presumably the silver-colored, somewhat shiny hood fooled the dragonfly into thinking that it had found a pool of water in the middle of town.

            Now I don’t know whether to wash my car more or less frequently.  Maybe I should ride a bicycle.

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Thunder Lizard

Last night I found a green anole lizard in the bottom of my kitchen sink.  Realizing that its chances for capturing bugs for prey in my house would be slim, I decided to capture it and release it outdoors.  This is not an uncommon occurrence for me so I eased around and snatched it up with my right hand.

            I generally try to make these captures as gentle as possible so as to not injure the lizards.  However, when I covered the critter with my hand, the anole promptly bit my finger and latched onto me.  The sensation was about the same as what one would feel if one put a binder clip on one’s finger, except this binder clip had a set of miniature teeth.

            I laughed at the lizard’s spunk and took it outside where I tried to gently position it on the leaves of a nearby shrub.

            The anole would have none of this however, and re-tightened its grip and hung on for all it was worth.  As I held my hand up and open so the anole could drop off, it just chomped down and dangled with its feet and tail splayed.  I didn’t want to fling the little fellow off or try to open its jaws as I thought that I might hurt it, so stood there for two to three minutes while the lizard’s grip loosened and was re-tightened four or five times.

            Finally the anole either got jaw cramps, decided that I was too big to swallow, decided that I had been taught a lesson, or decided that it should go while the going was good.  In any case, the anole abruptly let go its grip, dropped to the ground, and disappeared without saying thank you or goodbye.

            I had a good laugh at the affair, especially when I remembered the old adage about snapping turtles that I learned as a kid.  I was cautioned that if one was bitten by a snapping turtle, the turtle would not let go until it thundered.  I believed that homespun wisdom enough such that I never put myself and a snapping turtle in a position whereby we could test the hypothesis.

            Perhaps this particular green anole had some snapping turtle genes in its hereditary background somewhere.

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Coot migration – the mystery solved?

Coots and bass boats

If flocks of coots do utilize the railroad cars for their migration activities, they apparently do it on the sly as no credible reports exist for such activities.  One also has to wonder what the “riding the rails” coots did before the north-south tracks were developed?  Oh well.

               One of my hunting buddies has recently alerted me to the possibility that coots are high flying night migrants.  They apparently take off after dark, fly up to great heights (20,000 feet and higher?), cruise along on oxygen, and then drop like rocks down to some chosen landing zone to arrive on target in the pre-dawn darkness.  I guess that approach is one way to avoid being zapped by peregrine falcons, but one wonders about the lack of reports of “raining coots” while the decoys are being set.

            For all the world, this view of coot migration sounds to me like Mother Nature’s version of the WWI German railroad gun that bombarded Paris from a distance of approximately 75 miles away.  It seems to be either “Gunner, Coots, Migrate” or “I’ve been working on the railroad…”

            My hat is off to the humble coot.

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Loblolly Pine in a Greentree Reservoir

Pine tree growing adjacent to willow oaks

Finding a large, apparently healthy loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) growing in a bottomland hardwood stand of willow oaks (Quercus phellos) and overcup oaks (Q. lyrata) flooded annually as a GTR for wintering waterfowl wasn’t the last thing that I expected to find in this habitat, but it certainly was low on the list.

Pine tree with yardstick for vertical scale

This pine tree is approximately 14 inches in diameter at dbh, and approximately 18- to 20-inches in diameter at ground level.  Based on the apparent diameters of the hardwood trees in the general area, the pine appears to be in the same general age class as the rest of the canopy dominants. 

Pine tree with yardstick for horizontal scale

Based on the fact that pine seedlings generally need a lot of light to grow adequately, presumably this pine started life as a member of the same cohort as did its surrounding hardwood neighbors.  Thus an increment core from this tree could potentially give an approximate age for this forest stand. 

            Although this pine has clearly grown well in the past, it is now in a co-dominant canopy position as it is overtopped by the large willow oak growing next to it.  If these trees are similar in age, and it is logical to presume that they are, then the willow oak has grown taller and larger in diameter than has the pine tree.  Thus the site conditions favor the growth of the oak over the pine (no surprise here as this is a bottomland hardwood site subject to periodic inundation).

Pine tree with duck blind in the background

This pine tree is growing on a willow oak “ridge” which is located 1- to 6-inches in elevation above the adjacent overcup oak flats to the east and the woods hole/palustrine emergent marsh habitat to the west.  During the Fall 2010 / Spring 2011 GTR flooding season, this ridge was not inundated.  However, the willow oak ridge did have saturated soils with groundwater well up into the root zone (i.e., within 2 to 6 inches of the soil surface).

            By the luck of the draw, the pine seed that landed here found a relatively wet area in which to live.  If this seed initially had pine seedling neighbors, they apparently could not tolerate the habitat conditions, as this lone tree seems to be the only pine in the immediate area.  As time permits, and if I remember, I will check around these woods to see if there are any other pines present.

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Coot Migration – Some Initial Thoughts

The same compact flock of coots

Have you ever seen a sky filled with flying coots as they migrate?  I have seen flocks of ducks and geese as they fly to and from feeding sites and resting areas, and as they migrate southward in big waves.  I have not, however, seen any real flocks of coots on the wing.

            Duck blind conversations and speculations have suggested that maybe coots don’t migrate on the wing.  Perhaps they ride the rails instead. 

            Could it be that each fall Canadian cowboys round up coots from the prairie marshes and trail drive them to nearby railroad loading sites? 

            More on coot migration on Friday.

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What Has Happened Here?

Otter Creek on the Blue Ridge Parkway, VA

Except for the concrete cylinder in the channel on the right side of the photo, everything looks “natural” here.  The presence of this cylinder, however, should prompt some questions, such as: 1) how long has it been here; 2) how did it get here; 3) why is it still here; 4) where did it come from?

            Is this an old version of a stepping stone for crossing the creek?  Could it date from the Civilian Conservation Corps days and does the NPS consider it to be a cultural artifact?

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A Congregation of Coots

A compact flock of coots

The dark blob in these photos is a compact flock of newly arrived (?) coots.  As I intermittently watched these birds over the course of 30 to 45 minutes, they swam in an amoeba-like fashion over a distance of 300 to 400 yards.

            At most times the entire group of approximately 250 birds could fit into an area about the size of an average neighborhood swimming pool.  The extremely close spacing of 1 to 2 birds per square yard was remarkable and was maintained throughout the foraging foray.  The shape of the flock varied from nearly circular to an elongated rectangle, but the coots maintained their close proximity to one another.

            The extreme compactness of the flock first attracted my attention and made me wonder if they were recent migrants that may have arrived last night.  Most flocks of coots that I have previously seen have had a much wider spacing for similar numbers of birds.

            More on these coots on Wednesday.

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Weekly Plant Quiz – Answer

Gama Grass Clump

The plant of the week is one of the robust grasses known commonly as Gama Grass (Tripsacum dactyloides).  Gama grass and Jointgrass (Manisurus sp., or Coelorachis sp.) are somewhat similar on a casual first glance (and for me, even on a much closer inspection).  Check your keys or contact me (I’ll eventually have another Plant ID Assortment available which will include some photos and info about gama grass and jointgrass).

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White Vines

Woody vine covered with white-colored mildew?

I don’t often see woody vines with white-colored stems, but I did observe at least five or six on my amble through this bottomland hardwood stand today (8 Oct 2011).

            This vine stem has the “knobby knees” appearance of Ladies’ Ear-drops (Brunnichia cirrhosa), but I didn’t verify the identification.       

Closer view of mildewed (?) vine stem

On taking a somewhat closer view, it appears that the white coating may be some type of mildew.  I am not familiar with this phenomenon and thus don’t know what caused it, what environmental conditions it developed under, how common or rare it might be, or if it is or will be fatal to the vine.

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Weekly Plant Quiz – Wednesday’s Clue

Another close view

Inflorescence with “fruits”.  What plant is this?

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